"Seekh" in a Film institute: Little things about camera for a director

Terminologies to be discussed are given in a brief below:

1. Introduction to Cinematography
2.Frame rate (Hobbit, Television camera frame rate, and standard frame rate)
3. Sensor
4. SD and HD difference
5. Intermittent movement
6. Persistence of vision
7. Focal length

1. Introduction to Cinematography
The cinematography is said to be "writing with motion" from its Greek roots. As ideas, words, text, subtext everything which could be included is included by a cinematographer. The person who covers the scenes or shots correctly as per the peripheral written script is a videographer, the cinematography is much more than just photographing the objects in front of a camera. A cinematographer can only function to his fullest when he understands the script and characters as the director does. Also, the director when he knows about the aspects of cinematography with the total script, characters etc. He could utilize the technical expertise in a very effective manner.
For example, Indian film which bagged the national award for cinematography 24
Cinematographer: Thirru

shots from 24 which can be termed as writing with motion

the total lab is shown before showing the central character Dr. Sethuraman which clearly says the profession before even mentioning it through dialogues.

showing gun through the car window with gun shot sound and then showing the dead body with the background view of the car moving is a used one but effective way of writing with motion without really showing the killing as such.
But the written part would be only stating that Athreya kills the watchman.

How it should be taken is cinematographers decision. This shot actually seems like the car is passing through the dead body which could be the intention of cinematographer to show the character of Athreya is total detail in the movie.

2. Frame rate :

the frequency at which frames in a television picture, film or video sequence are displayed. S.M.T.E (Society of motion pictures and Television editors) states 24 25 and 30 as common frames per second i.e, frame rate. Normal motion picture film uses 24 frames per second rate and television uses 25 frames/sec PAL or 29.97 frames/sec NTSC.
During the silent era, the frame rate was 16 or 18 frames per second hence the movement was much slower.
shoot frame rate and projection frame rate decide whether the motion should be slow or fast
The movie Hobbit was shot in 48 frames per second.

3.Sensor:

A sensor is the heart of every digital camera. As it is a solid state device which captures the light coming in through the lens to form an image.
There are different types of sensor such as CCD, CMOS, FOVEON X3 and LIVE MOS sensor.
There are different sizes of sensor such as

Full Frame – 36 x 24mm

Cameras: Canon EOS 1DX Mark II, Canon EOS 5D Mark III, Canon EOS 5DS/R, Canon EOS 6D, Nikon D5, Nikon D810, Nikon D750, Nikon D610, Sony A7 II, Sony A7S II, Sony A7R II, Sony RX1R II

APS-H – 28.1 x 18.7mm

Cameras: Canon 1D Mark IV, Canon 1D Mark III

APS-C – 23.6 x 15.8mm (varies)

Cameras: Nikon D500, Nikon D7200, Nikon D5500, Nikon D5300, Canon EOS 7D Mark II, Canon EOS 80D, Canon EOS 760D, Sony A6300, Fuji X100T, Fuji X70

Four Thirds – 17.3 x 13mm

Cameras: Olympus PEN F, Olympus OM-D E-M1, Panasonic GX8, Panasonic GH4

One Inch – 9 x 12mm

Camera: Canon G5X, Canon G7X II, Canon G9X, Sony RX100 II, Panasonic TZ100

1/1.7in

Cameras: Canon PowerShot S95

1/2.3in

Cameras: Canon SX720, Panasonic TZ80, Nikon A900

Please note: The last two measurements do not refer directly to the size of the sensor – rather, they are derived from the size of the video camera tubes which were used in televisions

ISO in camera determines the size of sensor
Brightness of image is not sensed by sensor

http://www.whatdigitalcamera.com/technical-guides/technology-guides/sensors-explained-11457

4. Difference between SD and HD

Difference between Higher Definition and Standard Definition

Aspect ratio in Standard definition is 4: 3 and in HD it's 16:9
In SD aspect ratio and pixel will not be same unlike HD

720: 576( in bits) = 4:3 (SD)
1920 : 1080 (pixels) = 16: 9 (HD)

5. Intermittent movement
the motion produced by a mechanical device that advances a motion-picture film one or more frames at a time with stationary intervening periods, also any such mechanical device.

6. PERSISTENCE OF VISION
The retention of a visual image for a short period of time after the removal of the stimulus that produced it: the phenomenon that produces the illusion of movement when viewing motion pictures.

7. FOCAL LENGTH

Camera lens focal lengths are usually specified in millimeters (mm), but some older lenses are marked in centimeters (cm) or inches.

Focal length (f) and field of view (FOV) of a lens are inversely proportional